Grammar Topics
Browse and filter all grammar topics by level or category.
18 topics found
Zero Conditional
If/when + present simple, present simple — for general truths and scientific facts.
First Conditional
If + present simple, will + infinitive — for real and likely future situations.
Second Conditional
If + past simple, would + infinitive — for hypothetical present/future situations.
Defining Relative Clauses
Clauses with who, which, that defining exactly which person or thing is meant — no commas.
Gerunds and Infinitives
When to use the -ing form (gerund) versus to + infinitive after verbs, adjectives, and nouns.
Third Conditional
If + past perfect, would have + past participle — for hypothetical past situations and regrets.
Mixed Conditionals
Combining time frames: past hypothetical condition + present result, or present hypothetical + past result.
Alternatives to If (Unless, Provided That, As Long As, In Case)
Other conditional conjunctions: unless (if not), provided that, as long as (only if), in case (as a precaution).
Non-Defining Relative Clauses
Extra information clauses set off by commas: My sister, who lives in Paris, is a doctor.
Noun Clauses (That-clauses and Wh-clauses)
Clauses that function as nouns: I know that she left. Tell me what you want.
Wish and If Only
Expressing regret and desire for things to be different: I wish I had studied harder. If only I knew.
Formal Subjunctive
The subjunctive mood in formal English: I suggest that he be present. It is essential that she arrive on time.